Predict whether a precipitate will form when two ionic solutions are mixed, using solubility rules.
| Rule | Soluble? | Exceptions |
|---|---|---|
| All Group 1 (Na⁺, K⁺, etc.) & NH₄⁺ salts | SOLUBLE | None |
| All nitrates (NO₃⁻) | SOLUBLE | None |
| All chlorides (Cl⁻), bromides (Br⁻), iodides (I⁻) | SOLUBLE | Ag⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu⁺ |
| All sulfates (SO₄²⁻) | SOLUBLE | Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺ (slightly) |
| All carbonates (CO₃²⁻) | INSOLUBLE | Group 1, NH₄⁺ |
| All hydroxides (OH⁻) | INSOLUBLE | Group 1, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺ (slightly) |
| All sulfides (S²⁻) | INSOLUBLE | Group 1, NH₄⁺ |